remedies to prevent the common cold

Ayurvedic remedies to prevent the common cold and relieve symptoms?

The ayurvedic approach to preventing illnesses is by building up the immune system and toning the body to withstand viral attacks. The following remedies not only help to prevent catching a cold but also help in relieving symptoms naturally if you already have a cold.

• Every morning make a drink consisting of a cup of warm water mixed with the juice of half a lemon and a spoonful of honey.
• Amla fruit is known to have a very high vitamin C content and regular use builds up the body's immunity. Amalaki capsules or Triphala capsules taken daily rejuvenate and build up the body's defences against illnesses and infections. Another well known ayurvedic herb for colds is Vasaka
• Chyawanprash is the best known ayurvedic remedy to build immunity and prevent colds. Made of a 5000 year old formula this remedy contains over 40 herbs in an amla base. A tablespoon everyday helps maintain optimum health especially during the winter months
• If you have a cough, take a spoonful of honey every night. It has been found that honey has the same cough suppressing properties as dextromethorphan - the chemical ingredient found in cough medicines to suppress cough. While coughing is the body's natural mechanism to remove phlegm, taking honey at night helps to relieve coughing and allow a restful night's sleep
• Make a warm tea by adding ginger, crushed cardamom, crushed black pepper, cinnamon powder and sugar. Boil and strain the mixture. This drink will instantly help to open nasal passages, relieve sinus pressure and soothe the throat
• Gargle with warm water every day.
• Use a neti pot to drain and moisten nasal passages
• Inhale warm vapors by adding a tablespoon of carom seeds in a pot and allowing the water to steam. Put a towel over your head while inhaling.
• Applying a small amount of amrutanjan to the forehead and nose will instantly give relief when you have a blocked nose or headache.
• Avoid cold dairy products such as yogurt and ice cream
• Avoid fans blowing at your face
• Take warm showers. The vapors will moisten nasal and throat passages.
• Drink plenty of warm water and herbal teas

Herbal remedies for Common Cold

Vasaka Helps in relieving colds

Septilin Prevents and fights infections

Chyawanprash Builds immunity, prevents colds

How to Detect Hidden Camera in Trial Room - The Myth Bust

How to Detect Hidden Camera in Trial Room?

---------------

try this, switch off lights before undressing and once u r dressed switch it on and check n repeat the same

---------------

In front of the trial room take your mobile and make sure that mobile can make calls........
Then enter into the trail room, take your mobile and make a call.....
If u can't make a call......!!!! There is a hidden camera......
This is due to the interference of fiber optic cable during the signal transfer......
Please forward this to your friends to educate this issue to the
public......To prevent our innocent ladies from HIDDEN CAMERA...........

Pinhole Cameras in Changing Rooms of Big Bazaar, Shoppers Stop?
A few days ago, I received this text message:
Please don't use Trial room of BIG BAZAAR there are pinhole cameras to make MMS of young girls.
So, please forward to all girls. Also forward to all boys who have sisters and girlfriends.
Don't be shy in forwarding this message. Because its about protecting the integrity of all girls & ladies.

---------------

HOW TO DETECT A 2-WAY MIRROR?
When we visit toilets, bathrooms, hotel rooms, changing rooms, etc., How many of you know for sure that the seemingly ordinary mirror hanging on the wall is a real mirror, or actually a 2-way mirror I.e., they can see you, but you can't see them. There have been many cases of people installing 2-way mirrors in female changing rooms or bathroom or bedrooms.
It is very difficult to positively identify the surface by just looking at it. So, how do we determine with any amount of certainty what type of Mirror we are looking at?

CONDUCT THIS SIMPLE TEST:
Place the tip of your fingernail against the reflective surface and if there is a GAP between your fingernail and the image of the nail, then it is a GENUINE mirror.
However, if your fingernail DIRECTLY TOUCHES the image of your nail, then BEWARE, IT IS A 2-WAY MIRROR! (There may be someone seeing you from the other side). So remember, every time you see a mirror, do the "fingernail test." It doesn't cost you anything. It is simple to do.
This is a really good thing to do. The reason there is a gap on a real mirror, is because the silver is on the back of the mirror UNDER the glass.
Whereas with a two-way mirror, the silver is on the surface. Keep it in mind! Make sure and check every time you enter in hotel rooms.
Share this with your sisters, wife, daughters, friends, colleagues, etc.

---------------

:Truth:

A HIDDEN CAM MAY NOT USE FIBER OPTIC. EVEN A SIMPLY 2 PLY WIRE, (Like Mouse Wire, or Webcam Wire) IS ENOUGH TO RUN A CAMERA.
Even though they were using optical fibers interference cant be done by mobile phones.....
because cellular freq'( ~900mhz) are higher than that of small optical fiber freq'(800hz-5mhz) used in spy cams......
the only way to prevent this from happening is by switching off the lights ,,,,
or if u think that the mirrors are transparent from one side...
just make experiment by knocking the mirror and verify for emptiness on other side!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
be careful.........

Liposuction

Liposuction Defined

Liposuction is defined as the removal of fat from deposits beneath the skin using a hollow stainless steel tube (called a cannula) with the assistance of a powerful vacuum. Liposuction can be accomplished either with the use of general anesthesia, or with heavy IV sedation, or totally by local anesthesia. This web site considers both the benefits and the potential dangers of local anesthesia and of systemic anesthesia.


Risks of Liposuction

Risks of Liposuction must be well understood by all prospective liposuction patients. This web site emphasizes the need to constantly be aware of safety issues. In order to minimize the risk of liposuction, the patient must be aware of the following facts:
 
Too much liposuction is an excessive volume of aspirated fat, or an excessive number of areas treated. Excessive surgical trauma (excessive liposuction) is dangerous and is an important cause for serious liposuction complications.
Unrelated surgical procedures on the same day as liposuction are unnecessary. Prolonged exposure to anesthesia is dangerous and is an important cause for serious liposuction complications.
 
Disfiguring skin irregularities and depressions are frequently the result of the surgeon's inattention to detail. For example, if a liposuction surgeon attempts to do too much on a single day, and becomes fatigued, the result may be an inattention to detail, and undesirable cosmetic results. A liposuction cannula is a stainless steel tube inserted through an incision in the skin that is employed to suction the fat. The size of the liposuction cannula can influence the smoothness of the skin after liposuction. The use of large cannulas tend to create irregularities more commonly than microcannulas (outside diameter less than 3 millimeters). Surgeons who do total-body liposuction tend to use larger cannulas.

There are mainly two ways of doing Liposuction: 

1. Under General Anaesthesia where admission in hospital is required.


2. Tumescent Liposuction which is done totally under 'tumescent local anaesthesia'. It is done as an OPD procedure.  

• Tumescent Liposuction is very cost-effective because of elimination of general anesthesia and overnight admission in the hospital/clinic. Patients are awake, well oriented, conversing throughout the procedure and are absolutely free from pain in the postoperative period.


• Tumescent Technique eliminates the need for general anesthesia and therefore the possible side-effects and complications from GA are eliminated.

Approaches

The basic surgical challenge of any liposuction procedure is:

• To remove the right amount of fat


• To cause the least disturbance of neighboring tissue, such as blood vessels and connective tissue


• To leave the person’s fluid balance undisturbed


• To cause the least discomfort to both patient and surgeon

As techniques have been refined, many ideas have emerged that have brought liposuction closer to being safe, easy, less uncomfortable, and effective. The marketing that goes on makes it hard for the consumer to determine truth from exaggeration however.

 

Areas of the body where liposuction is performed-

1.  Abdomen


2.  Hips


3.  Outer thighs (saddlebags)


4.  Flanks (love handles)


5.  Back


6.  Inner thighs


7.  Inner knees


8.  Upper arms


9.  Submental (chin)


10.  Gynecomastia (male breast tissue)

Non-surgical alternatives
 
Cryolipolysis

Cryolipolysis refers to the external application of controlled cooling to reduce limited fat bulges.
 
Diet and exercise

Healthy eating habits combined with regular exercise also help people lose weight. This natural process, however, takes more time and determination than liposuction. Weight loss via exercise and healthy eating carries little risk compared to liposuction.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is both important and vital to one's well-being regardless of if he or she chooses to have a liposuction procedure done.

Liposuction does not significantly improve the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity and does not achieve the general health benefits (such as increased cardiovascular health) associated with natural weight loss.

 

Cellulite

Cellulite is the lumpy substance resembling cottage cheese that is commonly found on the thighs, stomach, and butt. Cellulite is actually a fancy name for collections of fat that push against the connective tissue beneath a person's skin, which causes the surface of the skin to dimple or pucker and look lumpy.

You can check to see if you have cellulite by pinching the skin around your upper thigh. If it looks a bit lumpy, you probably have it. And if you do have cellulite, you're definitely not alone: Most girls and women — and some men — have cellulite.

Synonyms include: adiposis edematosa, dermopanniculosis deformans, status protrusus cutis, and gynoid lipodystrophy. Descriptive names for cellulite include orange peel syndrome, and cottage cheese skin.

What are the supposed "treatments" for cellulite?

1. Methylxanthines
2. Dietary supplements
3. Massage treatments
4. Laser or light therapy
5. Mesotherapy
6. Collagenase
7. Cellulite diets
8. Wraps

Microprocessor 8085 Assembly Language Programs

Statement: Multiply two 8-bit numbers stored in memory locations 2200H and 2201H by repetitive addition and store the result in memory locations 2300H and 2301H.

LDA 2200H
MOV E, A
MVI D, 00 : Get the first number in DE register pair
LDA 2201H
MOV C, A : Initialize counter
LX I H, 0000 H : Result = 0
BACK: DAD D : Result = result + first number
DCR C : Decrement count
JNZ BACK : If count 0 repeat
SHLD 2300H : Store result
HLT : Terminate program execution

Statement: Write a set of instructions to alter the contents of flag register in 8085.

PUSH PSW : Save flags on stack
POP H : Retrieve flags in 'L'
MOV A, L : Flags in accumulator
CMA : Complement accumulator
MOV L, A : Accumulator in 'L'
PUSH H : Save on stack
POP PSW : Back to flag register
HLT :Terminate program execution

Statement:Find the number of negative elements (most significant bit 1) in a block of data. The length of the block is in memory location 2200H and the block itself begins in memory location 2201H. Store the number of negative elements in memory location 2300H.

LDA 2200H
MOV C, A : Initialize count
MVI B, 00 : Negative number = 0
LXI H, 2201H : Initialize pointer
BACK: MOV A, M : Get the number
ANI 80H : Check for MSB
JZ SKIP : If MSB = 1
INR B : Increment negative number count
SKIP: INX H : Increment pointer
DCR C : Decrement count
JNZ BACK : If count 0 repeat
MOV A, B
STA 2300H : Store the result
HLT : Terminate program execution

Statement: Two digit BCD number is stored in memory location 4200H. Unpack the BCD number and store the two digits in memory locations 4300H and 4301H such that memory location 4300H will have lower BCD digit.

LDA 4200H : Get the packed BCD number
ANI FOH : Mask lower nibble
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC : Adjust higher BCD digit as a lower digit
STA 4301H : Store the partial result
LDA 4200H : .Get the original BCD number
ANI OFH : Mask higher nibble
STA 4201H : Store the result
HLT : Terminate program execution

Indian Coke, Pepsi Laced with Pesticides

Soft drinks sold in India by Coca-Cola and rival Pepsi have “dangerously high” levels of pesticides — a claim vehemently denied by the US beverage giants. Sunita Narian, director of the Center for Science and Environment, said a “deadly cocktail of pesticide residues” was found in 12 leading brands marketed by Coca-Cola and Pepsi in India, accusing the companies of using polluted source water.

“The laboratory test results were shocking. We bought three bottles each of 12 leading brands sold in Delhi and found they all contained dangerous organochlorine pesticides,” Narian told a press conference here. “Interestingly enough, we bought bottles of the same soft drinks from the US market and found they were free of toxic residues,” she added.

However, in a rare show of solidarity, competitors Coca-Cola and Pepsi closed ranks to hold a joint press conference where they threatened legal action against the environment watchdog for making “absolutely wild allegations.”

“We are selling world class products in the Indian market and we have no double standards. There is no difference in the quality of a bottle of cola sold here and the US,” said Sanjeev Gupta, the chief of Coca-Cola’s Indian operations. “Wild allegations like this calculated to spread consumer panic should just be disregarded,” chairman of PepsiCo India Rajeev Bakshi told the press conference.

The study found that Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, Miranda orange, Miranda lemon, Blue Pepsi, 7-Up, Coca-Cola, Fanta, Limca, Sprite and Thums Up all had the deadly insecticide lindane which damages the body’s central nervous system and is a carcinogen.

“In the popular Coca-Cola brand lindane concentration was 0.0035 milligram per liter — a level of concentration which is 35 times higher than the European Economic Commission (EEC) limit,” said the study.

Similarly, highly toxic DDT residues, almost 45 times higher than EEC limits, were found in Pepsi’s Miranda lemon. The study said repeated exposure to pesticides such as DDT, malathion and lindane could cause severe harm, ranging from cancer, liver and kidney damage, to birth defects and damage to the immune system.

The environment watchdog accused the US cola giants of not doing enough to filter toxins found in India’s highly contaminated groundwater supply. It said the firms did not use sufficient treatment technology to purify water and found a direct link between contamination levels of source water and bottled soft drinks products. “Despite their staggering bottomlines, the two US firms are not making the investments to use safe water in their bottled soft drinks. We all know that commonly used insecticides in Indian agricultural fields contaminate the groundwater table,” said Narian.

“These corporates are simply tapping into largely underpriced groundwater for manufacturing their cold drinks without giving so much as a thought for consumer health.” Cola-makers get a one-time licence to operate in India from the Ministry of Food processing which includes certification from the local government and a water analysis report from a public health laboratory. “How can a one-time certificate doled out to soft-drink makers be enough of a consumer safeguard?” asked Narian, who added that the group would present its findings to the Indian government. In February, India launched a crackdown on the country’s flourishing bottled water industry following complaints from the Centre for Science and Environment that 12 leading firms including Coca-Cola and Pepsi were selling pesticide-laced water in the guise of pure mineral water.

Factories of Pepsi and seven other companies were raided to check for irregularities in production following the health warnings. “To maintain the sanctity of our products sold in 220 countries we test our brands very regularly in top-grade international and Indian labs. There can’t just be a trial by media based on mindless allegations,” said Gupta. “We are considering a legal recourse to these allegations this time. We have to put an end to this smear campaign,” he added. Pepsi and Coca-Cola are almost neck-to-neck competitors in India and between them dominate the growing 270-million-case per year carbonated soft drinks market.

NATA (National Aptitude Test in Architecture)

• If you are dreaming to be an Architect, you must start preparing for NATA (National Aptitude Test in Architecture) exam.
• NATA exam for B.Arch courses after 12th standard in Commerce, Arts or Science.
• prepare through sample papers, mock test, self study books and material for NATA preparation, surely you will crack this exam with flying colors.
• All Architecture colleges accept NATA score for admission. Percentage of 12th standard will also be considered for admission.

NATA test has two papers.

1. Aesthetic Sensitivity Test :- 100 Marks. (One Hour) This test is carried out online at test centers.
 
2. Drawing Test :- 100 Marks. (Two Hours) This test will be conducted after you finish first test at same test center.  

To crack NATA exam, you have to score 80 Marks out of 200 Total Marks of both papers.

For Aesthetic Sensitivity Test Prepare following:-

1. Analytical Reasoning
2. Architectural Awareness (General knowledge question about Architecture, famous building etc..)
3. Identifying commonly used material and objects based on their texture
4. Visualizing three dimensional objects through two dimensional drawing
5. Visualizing different sides of three dimensional objects
6. Mental ability.
7. Imaginative comprehension and expression

For Drawing Test Prepare following:-

1. Learn to sketch given object proportionately and rendering in a visually appealing manner
2. Light and Shadow on object and its surrounding
3. Perspective Drawing
4. You should be able to combine three dimensional object to form stable structure and depict in sketching
5. Sense of Scale and Proportion
6. Color composition, Sense of Color
7. Memory Drawing
8. You should be able to sketch two dimensional composition using given shape and form

>For more information Click Here<

How to Remove Scratches from a CD / DVD

Instructions

1. Use banana. Take a ripe banana, peel it, and break off a small piece from the fleshy part. Hold the CD with the scratched surface facing upwards on one hand and with the other hand start wiping the banana in a gentle circular motion for about a minute. Get a clean cotton cloth and wipe the residue off. Spray the CD with a glass cleaner and wipe again until the surface shines.
2. Use toothpaste with baking soda. Squeeze a liberal amount of toothpaste onto the scratch CD and spread all over where the scratches are found. Wash off with warm water to remove any residue. Wipe off to dry. Make sure to wipe from the center of the disc to the rim in a straight line to prevent data loss.
3. Use chocolate. Melt a piece of chocolate and rub on the CD's scratched surface. You can also use chocolate syrup as alternative. Let it sit for 5 minutes before rinsing with warm water. Gently wipe the surface with a soft cotton cloth to dry.
4. Use ketchup. Squeeze a small amount of ketchup onto the CD. Rub the mixture in small circles to cover the entire surface of the disc. The acidity in the ketchup will buffer out any scratches and dissolve oils and other grimes. Rinse off the disc with warm water then wipe off with a cotton cloth.
5. Use Vaseline or liquid car wax. Apply a small amount of the product from the center of the CD to the edges. This gives the disc an oil coat, thus temporarily fixing its outer layer. After application, wipe off any excess residue with a soft cotton cloth.
6. Invest in a CD cleaner. It comes with a complete cleaning solution and a cleaning case with a built-in CD scrubber. There are different types of options you can choose from. Whichever type of CD cleaners you use, these devices are built to get rid of deep scratches from your CD.

What Mythbusters says:

Can we unlock a car door with a tennis ball?

Unlock car with tennis ball

Discovery Says 'No,you can't!'

Can water burn?

Can We Drink Liquid Oxygen?

You can't drink liquid oxygen for a few reasons:

1) The temperature required to liquefy oxygen is extremely low (almost absolute zero). Finding the location and equipment to produce that temperature let alone transferring it to your mouth would cause it to vaporize almost instantly.

2) Even if you got it close to your mouth and managed to get some inside your mouth, it'd be so cold it would instantaneously freeze anything it made contact with. There are several movies and games where liquid nitrogen is used as a freezing agent. Anything that makes contact with liquid nitrogen freezes in a snap.

3) You need oxygen in small amounts (comparatively speaking). The air you breathe only contains about 20% oxygen - the rest is nitrogen, argon, and very small concentrations of CO2 and other stuff.

Plus, if you ingested oxygen, what good would it do unless it was able to diffuse through your body into your circulatory system, and eventually into your lungs? If you tried to touch it with any part of your body your tissues would immediately freeze and it would most likely cause immediate frostbite and you would probably have to have surgery to remove the dead tissue so that your body could try and heal itself. We are always told to be very cautious of liquid oxygen due to its explosive nature. You wouldn't want it to come in contact with any organic material due to extreme reactivity. It would be an interesting experiment though.You could not drink it unless it were so cold it would freeze every part of your body it touched. The burns would be so severe I think your throat would seize up and you would die of suffocation. Liquid oxygen is a very interesting thing.No. It would freeze your face off!Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic liquid. Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that have a normal boiling point below -238°F (-150°C). Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of -297.3°F (-183.0°C).if the cold didn't kill you first the 860 to 1 gas expansion ratio would make your stomach explode in about 10 seconds because you could not burp fast enough to relive the pressure build up.No. It is so cold you would not even be able to swallow it. Your jaw and mouth would instantly seize up and shatter into a million pieces, and in the resulting explosion caused by expanding gas your head would be blown right off your neck.Absolutely not. Let's just forget for a moment that pure oxygen is corrosive (and dangerous when it's breathed), the fact that it's liquid means it's either extremely cold or under tremendous pressure.Either situation put in your mouth is not safe.

Mortgage loan

A mortgage loan is a loan secured by real property through the use of a mortgage note which evidences the existence of the loan and the encumbrance of that realty through the granting of a mortgage which secures the loan. However, the word mortgage alone, in everyday usage, is most often used to mean mortgage loan.

A home buyer or builder can obtain financing (a loan) either to purchase or secure against the property from a financial institution, such as a bank, either directly or indirectly through intermediaries. Features of mortgage loans such as the size of the loan, maturity of the loan, interest rate, method of paying off the loan, and other characteristics can vary considerably.

In many jurisdictions, though not all (Bali, Indonesia being one exception), it is normal for home purchases to be funded by a mortgage loan. Few individuals have enough savings or liquid funds to enable them to purchase property outright. In countries where the demand for home ownership is highest, strong domestic markets have developed.

The word mortgage is a Law French term meaning "dead pledge," apparently meaning that the pledge ends (dies) either when the obligation is fulfilled or the property is taken through foreclosure.

Earth Day 2011

22nd April Its Earth DAY
Take at least one initiate on this day to save the Earth..

• Plant a Tree
• Switch off unwanted Fans and Tube lights
• Save fuel
• or any thing else which you prefer..

Future of earth is in our Hand
else 2012 is not so far...

Why only 22 April ?
Because it did not fall during exams or spring breaks, did not conflict with religious holidays and was late enough in spring to have decent weather.
Founder of Earth Day: Senator Gaylord Nelson
First Earth Day: April 22, 1970

Earth Day 2011: A Billion Acts of Green®

April 22nd is Earth Day, This year, Earth Day's theme is themed after A Billion Acts of Green: our people-powered campaign to generate a billion acts of environmental service and advocacy before Rio +20.
Ready to take part in Earth Day 2011? Here is how you can get involved:

	Share your commitment the the environment this Earth Day - declare your Act of Green.
	Organize an Earth Day event in your community.
	Take part by attending an Earth Day event near your.

What are we eating at McDonalds?

Everybody has eaten at McDonalds at one time or another.

A number of people have tried these tests at home with the same results . Some questions come to mind immediately:

Do you know what they put inside ? What preservatives do they use ? Are these genetically mutated foods ??

Why India will surpass the growth rate of China by 2015 to 2020?

India to overtake China in 2020

In the past decades, India has been world number one in starvation deaths, foreign aid and bribery. In the 2000s, it was transformed from a chronic under-performer to a potential superpower. Here are eight predictions of what it will look like in 2020:

India will overtake China as the fastest-growing economy in the world. China will start ageing and suffering from a declining workforce, and will be forced to revalue its currency. So its growth will decelerate, just as Japan decelerated in the 1990s after looking unstoppable in the 1980s.Having become the world's second-biggest economy, China's export-oriented model will erode sharply - the world will no longer be able to absorb its exports at the earlier pace. Meanwhile, India will gain demographically with a growing workforce that is more literate than ever before. The poorer Indian states will start catching up with the richer ones. This will take India's GDP growth to 10&#37; by 2020, while China's growth will dip to 7-8%.

India will become the largest English-speaking nation in the world, overtaking the US. So, the global publishing industry will shift in a big way to India. Rupert Murdoch's heirs will sell his collapsing media empire to Indian buyers. The New York Times will become a subsidiary of an Indian publishing giant.

In the 2000s, India finally gained entry into the nuclear club, and sanctions against it were lifted. By 2020, Indian companies will be major exporters of nuclear equipment, a vital link in the global supply chain. So, India will be in a position to impose nuclear sanctions on others.

India, along with the US and Canada, will develop new technology to extract natural gas from gas hydrates - a solidified form of gas lying on ocean floors. India has the largest gas hydrate deposits in the world, and so will become the biggest global producer. This will enable India to substitute gas for coal in power generation, hugely reducing carbon emissions and making Jairam Ramesh look saintly.

India will also discover enormous deposits of shale gas in its vast shale formations running through the Gangetic plain, Assam, Rajasthan and Gujarat. New technology has made the extraction of shale gas economic, so India will become a major gas producer and exporter. Meanwhile, Iran's mullahs will be overthrown, and a new democratic regime will usher in rapid economic growth that creates a shortage of gas in Iran by 2020. So, the Iran-India pipeline will be recast, but in reverse form: India will now export gas to Iran.

More and more regions of India will demand separate statehood. By 2020, India will have 50 states instead of the current 28. The new states will not exactly be small. With 50 states and a population of almost 1.5 billion, India will average 30 million people per state, far higher than the current US average of 6 million per state.

China, alarmed at India's rise, will raise tensions along the Himalayan border. China will threaten to divert the waters of the Brahmaputra from Tibet to water-scarce northern China. India will threaten to bomb any such project. The issue will go to the Security Council.

Islamic fundamentalists will take over in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The US will withdraw from the region, leaving India to bear the brunt of consequences. Terrorism will rise in India, but the economy will still keep growing. How so? Well, 3000 people die every year falling off Mumbai's suburban trains, and that does not stop Mumbai's growth. Terrorism will bruise India, but not halt its growth.

India can sustain an 8 per cent growth rate till 2020 and will overtake UK as the world's fifth-largest economy by the middle of next decade at this pace, global financial services firm Goldman Sachs has said. 

"Our baseline projections for India's potential output growth show that the economy can sustain growth rates of about 8 per cent till 2020, significantly higher than the 5.7 per cent that we projected in our original BRICs paper," Goldman Sachs said in a new economic paper released on Tuesday. 

"The implications of projections are that India will overtake the G6 economies faster than envisaged in our earlier BRICs research," it added. 

The report forecasts that India's GDP will surpass Italy , France and the UK by the middle of next decade (around 2015). 

It will then overtake Germany , Japan and finally the US before 2050, to emerge as the second-largest economy after China. 

From 2007 to 2020, India's GDP per capita is likely to quadruple, the report said. The higher growth rate would imply huge demand in the country, as Indians will also consume about five times more cars and three times more crude oil. 

India's contribution to world growth would also be high and increasing, it said. "Our new projections for India's potential growth envisage an average growth of 6.9 per cent in 2006-2050.

The Goldman Sachs report said a turnaround in manufacturing productivity since 2003 has been crucial. The main cause is the increase in efficiency of private sector firms in the face of growing competition.

The gradual opening up of the economy introduced a competitive dynamic, which forced the private sector to restructure during the relative slowdown in growth and corporate profitability during 1997-2002, it added.The underlying causes for increase in efficiency of private firms have been acceleration in international trade, financial sector growth and investments in and adoption of information and communication technology.

There were 8 predictions of what it will look like in 2020:

1. India will overtake China as the fastest-growing economy in the world.
2. India will become the largest English-speaking nation in the world.
3. By 2020, Indian companies will be major exporters of nuclear equipment
4. India, along with the US and Canada, will develop new technology to extract natural gas from gas hydrates — a solidified form of gas lying on ocean floors.
5. India will also discover enormous deposits of shale gas in its vast shale formations running through the Gangetic plain.
6. More and more regions of India will demand separate statehood. By 2020, India will have 50 states instead of the current 28.
7. China, alarmed at India’s rise, will raise tensions along the Himalayan border.
8. Islamic fundamentalists will take over in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

What is TMT bar??

Thermomechanical processing

Thermomechanical processing, also known as thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT), is a metallurgical process that integrates work hardening and heat-treatment into a single process.


The quenching process produces a high strength bar from inexpensive low carbon steel. The process quenches the surface layer of the bar, which pressurizes and deforms the crystal structure of intermediate layers, and simultaneously begins to temper the quenched layers using the heat from the bar's core.

Steel billets 125mm² ("pencil ingots") are heated to approximately 1100°C in a reheat furnace. Then, they are progressively rolled to reduce the billets to the final size and shape of reinforcing bar. After the last rolling stand, the billet moves through a quench box. The quenching converts the billet's surface layer to martensite, and causes it to shrink. The shrinkage pressurizes the core, helping to form the correct crystal structures. The core remains hot, and austenitic. A microprocessor controls the water flow to the quench box, to manage the temperature difference through the cross-section of the bars. The correct temperature difference assures that all processes occur, and bars have the necessary mechanical properties.


The bar leaves the quench box with a temperature gradient through its cross section. As the bar cools, heat flows from the bar's centre to its surface so that the bar's heat and pressure correctly tempers an intermediate ring of martensite and bainite.

Finally, the slow cooling after quenching automatically tempers the austenitic core to ferrite and pearlite on the cooling bed.


These bars therefore exhibit a variation in microstructure in their cross section, having strong, tough, tempered martensite in the surface layer of the bar, an intermediate layer of martensite and bainite, and a refined, tough and ductile ferrite and pearlite core.


When the cut ends of TMT bars are etched in Nital (a mixture of nitric acid and methanol), three distinct rings appear: 1. A tempered outer ring of martensite, 2. A semi-tempered middle ring of martensite and bainite, and 3. a mild circular core of bainite, ferrite and pearlite. This is the desired micro structure for quality construction rebar.


In contrast, lower grades of rebar are twisted when cold, work hardening them to increase their strength. However, after thermo mechanical treatment (TMT), bars do not need more work hardening. As there is no twisting during TMT, no torsional stress occurs, and so torsional stress cannot form surface defects in TMT bars. Therefore TMT bars resist corrosion better than cold, twisted and deformed (CTD) bars.

Difference between TOR steel and TMT bars?

*TMT steel bar is a newer variety of steel for construction purpose. Earlier people have been using TOR Steel for concrete reinforcement.
Thermo Mechanically Treated bars (TMT bars) give you several advantages over the other types of steel:

Twisting operation is not involved in the production of the TMT steel bar,so no residual stresses involved in that , which in turn increases the corrosion resistance.

Rust and Corrosion Resistance :
The main reason for failure in any reinforcement concrete structure is due to corrosion of TOR Steel in the concrete, where this steel corrodes in existence of chloride ions. TMT Bars, due to its Thermo- mechanical treatment are very highly rust and corrosion resistant and is best suited in the humid and coastal states like West Bengal and Orissa.

Uses:
TMT Bars are much superior to conventional TOR Steel by virtue of their various engineering properties and can be used for Residential Buildings, Bridges, Drums, Industrial Establishment and all types of concrete reinforcement purposes.

TMT Bars:
Grade - Fe 415
IS: 1786

Note:
The project designers use thermo mechanically treated bars (TMT) in place of torsteel and even in TMT, the choice is increasingly focussed on that with higher tensile strength ( Fe-500 in lieu of Fe-415) and high corrosion resistant TMT (HCRM) which is specially meant for use in coastal areas.

---xx------xx------xx------xx------xx---